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Code of Ethics for Computer Professionals - 1134 Words

Most professions have codes of ethics and for the same reasons computer professionals need a code of ethics. Professions that have been in existence for many more years than the information profession have had time to recognise their ethical responsibilities. In the information field it can be more difficult to immediately recognise who is affected by the actions of an individual or organisation. This does not mean that information professionals have no moral responsibilities. It is common across all professions that there must be a responsibility â€Å"to society, to the employer, to clients, to colleagues, to the professional organization, and to the profession†(Oz, 1993). The information profession holds these same responsibilities, yet there has not been a single standard code of ethics adopted. Ethical questions about the use of computers were raised not long after their use in business began. Questions were asked about privacy, ownership and piracy that would later lead to the implementation of professional codes of ethics. These codes of ethics sought to offer solutions to question such as â€Å"Is it fair to monitor employees through their own computers? Should computer operators consider all data they enter into a file confidential? Is it right to tap another person’s data communication line?†(Oz, 1993). The continued growth in technology reveals changing ethical responsibilities and raises new ethical questions. The goal of a professional code of ethics is to help members toShow MoreRelated Computer Ethics Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Ethics A Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (see Appendix A) was first presented by Dr. Ramon C. Barquins in his paper for the Computer Ethics Institute of the Brookings Institution entitled, In Pursuit of a Ten Commandments for Computer Ethics in May of 1992. Computer ethics is about principles related to behavior and decisions made by computer professionals and users, including software engineers, operators, managers, policy makers, as well as educators and students. This meansRead MoreCodes Of Ethics From Different Fields966 Words   |  4 PagesI chose three codes of ethics from different fields. The fields are; 1. Society of professional journalists http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp 2. Australian Computer society http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/WorldCodes/Australia.Code.html 3. Code of ethics for librarians and other Information workers http://www.ifla.org/news/ifla-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-other-information-workers-full-version I chose the three codes of ethics depending on their nature. The nature of the careersRead MorePrivacy and Computer Technology1813 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and Computer Technology Today, the development of technology is spread all over the world and so are ethical issues. Because of the widespread, computer ethics are boiling down distinguishing what is good from what is wrong mentality. Everyones view on computer ethics differ, however all should keep in mind the value of ethics when making decisions that are ethics based. The golden rules of computer ethics state that, one should do to one another what he/she thinks should be done toRead MoreCode Of Ethics Of Ieee. Computer Society1597 Words   |  7 Pages1Introduction Today, established ethical frameworks play a vital role in companies and organisations, espe- cially in big ones. Ethical framework, also known as code of conduct and code of ethics, is a set of guidelines, recommendations and rules, which specify expected behaviour and possible options how to make ethical decision, under different circumstances. It is crucial for every institution to set up ethical framework in order to prevent specific problems and to have es- tablished policy toRead MoreCareer Of Software Engineering And Computer Ethics1341 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional Issues - Ethics Abuah Chukwuedo Kingsleyâˆâ€" October 29, 2014 âˆâ€" A report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for COMP10120, School of Computer Science, University of Manchester. 1 Contents 1 Summary 3 2 Introduction 3 2.1 What is Ethics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Prac- tice 3 4 Analysis 3 5 Comparison 5 6 Bibliography 5 2 1 Summary †The Case of the Killer Robot is a detailed scenario thatRead MoreInformation Ethics Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Ethics The paper addresses theoretical and practical aspects of information ethics from an intercultural perspective. The recent concept of information ethics is related particularly to problems which arose in the last century with the development of computer technology and the internet. A broader concept of information ethics as dealing with the digital reconstruction of all possible phenomena leads to questions relating to digital ontology. Following HeideggersRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1539 Words   |  7 Pagesthreat that these things might be breached by individuals so called ‘Black hat hackers’, who violate computer security to steal personal information or even completely damage the computer system (Moore, 2014). Malicious acts committed by this group of hackers caused the increase in the number of cyber-security researchers so called ‘White hat hackers’. These individuals also try to break into the computer systems but with the purpose to find its possible vulnerabilities and then provide a software toRead MoreThe Ethical And Ethical V iews Behind Computer Scientists1622 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been a legitimate distinction between the moral and ethical views behind computer scientists being responsible for the action that they take upon the problems that they can face from the systems that they design. They must be faced with the codes of ethics and the morality issues in order to acknowledge the user about the responsibility that they must encounter in order for the use of technology. In the case of the technological society, the IT technology must include security measuresRead MoreA Professional Code Of Ethics1283 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalization. As members of the student body, University of the People students must understand the detriments of plagiarism, piracy and ensure they protect Intellectual Property and respect copyright laws. Developing a professional code of ethics as a computer professional, will help navigate our careers and help us make proper ethical decisions and choices. Intellectual Property The University of the People’s Intellectual Property policy requires we respect individual property rights and abideRead MoreCase Study About Moral of Hacking681 Words   |  3 PagesMcKinnon – Did he break the British Computer Society Code of Conduct? Gary McKinnon was a Scottish Systems Administrator who in 2002 was accused of carrying out the â€Å"biggest military computer hack of all time†. McKinnon claimed that he was merely looking for evidence of a cover-up of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) activities. The US authorities claimed that McKinnon deleted files from US military operating systems which led to a shut-down of military computers. Some sources claim that what McKinnon

Environment Report Tidal Power In The Bay of Fund Essay Example For Students

Environment Report: Tidal Power In The Bay of Fund Essay yEnvironment Report: Tidal Power In The Bay of FundyPrepared for Bill AndrsonProfessor at St.Lawrence College for Environmental Science. ByNovember 22,1996INTRODUCTIONThe Bay of Fundy, which is found off the shores of Nova Scotia, has thehighest tides in the world . Extraordinary tides occur when the tidal wave length is two to fourtimes the length of the Bay. By virtue of blind luck or physics, the tide isamplified into a standing wave, like water sloshing in a bathtub. For a breakingwave to form, the surging tide must meet an obstacle. When the ocean meets theriver going in the opposite direction, the sea hesitates, piles up behind thefront line, and advances anew in a tidal bore. Usually the ingredients occur during a new moon with 15 feet tides andthe opposing force of the Shubenacadie river to display the true Baysmagnificence. This part of St. John is divided into 3 main areas: the main Harbor,Courtenay Bay and the Outer Harbor. These areas are influenced by the Bay ofFundy tides and the currents of the St John River which flow out of the mainHabour into the Bay. This section also experiences two high and two low tides each day (semi diurnal), with a tidal range varying from 15 to 18 feet, depending on the typeof tides. High water heights vary from 22 to 28 feet and low water heightsvary from 0 to 7 feet above chart data. Because of these semi diurnal tidesand the action of the St John River, slack water in the Habour occurs atapproximately tides and not at high or low water as would be the case at otherparts. THE RHYTHMIC RISE AND FALLIn the Bay of Fundy, the tides are spectacularly large. While the riseand fall of sea level due to tides is the most apparent aspect, it is also thetidal currents that direct magnification of tides, and the sea level rises ordeclines are due to resulting convergences and divergencies. These tides riseand fall over a range that is greater than 50 feet; such massive water movementcombined with accumulation of sediment through erosion has built up a large saltmarsh that is a feeding station for migrating shore birds. The low fundy alsofeeding a ground for marine life including whales. A long time ago between about15000 and 10000 year ago at the glacier retreated from the last ice age, part ofGeorges Bank were dry land. Such as fragment of trees and mammoth teeth fromthis are still found occasional in fishing travels.The sun and the moon arethe only important celestial bodies in producing Terrestrial tides. While themoon is much smaller than the sun, it is never theless more important for tidalprocesses, because of its proximity to the earth. There is a small imbalancebetween the centrifugal force and the gravitational attraction of the moononthe water column that gives rise to horizontal forces, causing water motion thatcauses two bulges in the sea surface. One immediately under the earth, and theother on the other side of the earth. These bulges tend to rotate around theglobe along with the moon resetting in semi-diurnal tides with a period of halfa lunar day (12.4 diurnal hours) even though the earths rotation is a diurnalperiod of 24 hours. PROLOGUEThe Bay of Fundy is an area of about 1.6(100000 Km2). The Bay of Fundy is apart of the Continental Shelf off eastern Canada and New England. It also servesas an extension that divides New Brunswick from Western Nova Scotia. At the Bayof Fundys tidal river at the Southwestern tip of Nova Scotia, sea wateroverflows the other riverbank in spring to deposit loads of North Atlantic Salttwice daily. In the tidal river, fresh water and salt water are mixed. Fundy ofBay is famous for its tides which is the best and highest in the whole world. .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 , .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .postImageUrl , .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 , .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:hover , .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:visited , .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:active { border:0!important; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:active , .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8 .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60906d3a0480c081649934d6af8a0bc8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Requirements for Mental Health Technician (MHT) EssayThe marsh is a home to mammals, a breeding place for birds and a feeding groundfor estuary fish. It is a land that leaves even the most experienced naturalistsawestruck by the aerial ballet performed annually by thousands of birds flyingwing to wing during annual migration. The first experiment dealing with the consequences of environmental pollutionwas conducted at Yarmouth. There was a polluted brook on a farm sullied byfoul-smelling effluent. Part of problem came from the regional airport wherenoxious run of f had spilled into the head water of the brook. This pollutionstayed in the brook for over 25 years. The area was putrid smelling from fishmeal and made people sick. TIDAL POWERThe Fundy tides are a renewable source of energy with potentially hundreds ofbillions of kilowatts generated each year. It has the potential to provideviable energy, as there is a growing need for pollution-free sources.The Bayof Fundy tidal power has, over half a century, been sparked interest andsuccessful investigation into the potential of its development. Technologicaladvancement and the new economybrought renewed interest into developing energyfrom the Fundy tides. SUN AND MOONWhile the rhythmic modulation of sea level and its association with the motionof the sun and the moon must have been noticed since prehistoric time, a betterunderstanding had to wait until Sir Isacc Newton applied his theory ofgravitation to explain the underlying physical mechanism. He was able toconstruction an equilibrium theory of tides, that explained the semi-diurnalnature of tides in most parts of the world. If there were infinite time allowedfor adjustment of the ocean to the astronomical forces it is the equilibriumtides that would be the result. This is, however, not the case since the tidalforcing varies quite rapidly with time. Resonance in the oceanic response pushtides in certain localities to be above the value predicted by the equilibriumtheory. While the equilibrium theory products two bulges to form, one underneaththe moon and the other on the opposite side of the globe, in reality the highwater may significantly precede or lag the transit of the moon. T hesedifferences are due to the dynamic response of the oceans to tidal forcing. Itwas Laplace who a century later laid the theoretical and mathematical foundationfor modern dynamic theory of ocean tides by considering oceanic tides to be theresponse of a fluid medium to the astronomical forcing by the sun and moonsgravitational attractions. THE OIL OF FUNDY BAYThe transportation of oil from the Bay of Fundy and the generation of nuclearpower are two aspects of the same issue in that the supply of energy thatpresent inherent risks to the environment, but opposing arguments against theuse of foreign oil and nuclear power might be base on purely economic grounds. The risk of oil spills with catastrophic and long lasting effects on Marineorganisms and the coastal environment is always a possibility. TIDAL POWER OF ELECTRICAL ENERGYThe monumental Mains Basin scheme produces more than twice as much electricityin Nova Scotia at 4560 megawatts from all sources-coal, oil and hydro as thelargest water-driven electrical power plant in the world. Nova Scotia producesmore power than Newfoundlands Churchill Falls (about 2660 megawatts) andOntario Hydros Picketing nuclear-power plant ( 2160 megawatts). Tidal powerwould not replace conventional electrical energy derived from nuclear or fossilfuels for peak demand. Tidal power has fluctuating peaks so. At 12 noon is whenyou need the power might not be quailabler. Utilities would still meet peakdemand whether or not tidal power was on the line. The renewable energy sourceusing lunar gravitation and hydroelectricity has become increasingly important. .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d , .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .postImageUrl , .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d , .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:hover , .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:visited , .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:active { border:0!important; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:active , .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea5f55aaf48f7d861afe9825d3f08b1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pompeii catastrophe EssayCompared with a river dam, tidal power has a difficult saltwater environment,where machines are needed to produce of power and also have saltwater durability. The electric power output is the twice-daily ebb average of tidal electricityless than 40% of the generating capacity of a river dam. TIDAL POWER AND THE MILLIn the 15 century, a construction handbook was published ,showing how tidalwater was held behind a dam at high tide so that when a sufficient water levelwas reached between the land and sea sides of the dam . a mill could use tidalwater to mix with the fresh water to turn the waterwheel that provided power forgrinding grain. The first mill in the would was built in 1607 by Samuel deChamplain on the Lequille River. By 1910 Turnbull and an American engineer,designed a double basin scheme that would cross the international boundarybetween New Brunswick and Maine. CONCLUSIONGiven the grave environmental challenges such as global warning or environmentalpollution facing many kind in the coming century and because oceans play such avery important role in governing the degree of global warming, fisheries yield,and degrees of pollution along our beaches, the study of the tides through avariety of means such as ship surveys, and remote sensing will lead to a betterunderstanding of how the oceans work. The hope is that as a result, we willleave behind for our children a world that is both livable as well as enjoyablein all its majesty . If we an avoid oil spills into the ocean the water andenvironment will be more beautiful and ecologically safe for all living things. Social Issues

The Cold War Essays - Soviet UnionUnited States Relations

The Cold War Introduction When World War II in Europe finally came to an end on May 7, 1945, a new war was just beginning. The Cold War: denoting the open yet restricted rivalry that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, a war fought on political, economic, and propaganda fronts, with limited recourse to weapons, largely because of fear of a nuclear holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was first used by presidential advisor Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947. Intelligence operations dominating this war have been conducted by the Soviet State Security Service (KGB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), representing the two power blocs, East and West respectively, that arose from the aftermath of World War II. Both have conducted a variety of operations from large scale military intervention and subversion to covert spying and surveillance missions. They have known success and failure. The Bay of Pigs debacle was soon followed by Kennedy's ft handling of the Cuban missile crisis. The decisions he made were helped immeasurably by intelligence gathered from reconnaissance photos of the high altitude plane U-2. In understanding these agencies today I will show you how these agencies came about, discuss past and present operations, and talk about some of their tools of the trade. Origin of the CIA and KGB The CIA was a direct result of American intelligence operations during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the need to coordinate intelligence to protect the interests of the United States. In 1941, he appointed William J. Donovan to the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) with headquarters in London. Four departments made up the OSS: Support, Secretariat, Planning, and Overseas Missions. Each of these departments directed an array of sections known as 'operation groups'. This organization had fallen into the disfavor of many involved in the federal administration at this time. This included the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, who did not like competition from a rival intelligence organization. With the death of Roosevelt in April of 1945, the OSS was disbanded under Truman and departments were either relocated or completely dissolved. Soviet intelligence began with the formation of the Cheka, secret police, under Feliks Dzerzhinsky at the time of the revolution. By 1946, this agency had evolved into the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), and the Ministry of State Security (MGB) both ruled by Lavrenti Beria. This man was undoubtedly the most powerful man in the Soviet Union with a vast empire of prison camps, and informants to crush any traces of dissent. Of considerable importance to Beria was the race for the atomic bomb. The Soviet Union and the United States both plundered the German V-2 rocket sites for materials and personnel. In 1946 the MVD was responsible for the rounding up of 6000 scientists from the Soviet zone of Germany and taking them and their dependents to the Soviet Union.2 The political conflicts of the 1930's and World War II left many educated people with the impression that only communism could combat economic depression and fascism. It was easy for Soviet agents to recruit men who would later rise to positions of power with access to sensitive information. 'Atom spies' were well positioned to keep the Soviets informed of every American development on the bomb. Of considerable importance was a man by the name of Klaus Fuchs, a German communist who fled Hitler's purge and whose ability as a nuclear physicist earned him a place on the Manhattan Project. Fuchs passed information to the Soviets beginning in 1941, and was not arrested until 1950. Also passing secrets to the Soviets were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, executed in the United States in 1953. The latter two were probably among the first who believed in nuclear deterrence, whereby neither country would use nuclear weapons because the other would use his in response, therefore there would be no ssible winner. It is generally believed that with such scientists as Andrei Sakharov, the Soviets were capable of working it out for themselves without the help of intelligence. (better transition) The National Security Act of 1947 gave birth to the CIA, and in 1949 the CIA Act was formally passed. "The act exempted the CIA from all Federal laws that required the disclosure of 'functions, names, official titles, and salaries or number of personnel employed by the agency'. The director was awarded staggering powers, including the right to 'spend money without regard to the provisions of law and regulations relating to the

Nurse Staffing Essays

Nurse Staffing Essays Nurse Staffing Essay Nurse Staffing Essay Abstract Two major forms of staffing guidelines will be discussed, nurse-to-patient ratio and staffing by acuity. This paper will discuss the history of each staffing form. It will point out the benefits and negative features of both practices, describe how hospitals deal with staffing and discuss the states that have laws requiring certain guidelines be followed. Nurse Staffing: Does One Size Fit All? What is the one conversation that usually gets heated when talking to nurses? Bring up the subject of staffing levels on their unit. As a nurse assistant, staff nurse, charge nurse or nursing administrator, inadequate staffing creates tension and stress. When staffing is inadequate patient safety, infection rates, patient satisfaction and staff satisfaction are only a few of the areas affected. Many hospital administrators and lawmakers want to make patient care a numbers game. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires hospitals to create a staffing plan that defines staffing effectiveness as the skill mix, competence, and effectiveness related to the services needed. (Morgan, 2004) When it comes to staffing, one size does not always fit all. Patients are individuals with individual needs and one patient with a certain diagnosis can take much less attention and time from the nurse than a patient of the same age with the same diagnosis. For good nurses the main goals during their shift is giving exception patient care and providing a safe environment. â€Å"The notion of high-quality care in hospitals is essential to public safety isn’t new. In 1751 Benjamin Franklin founded America’s first hospital-Pennsylvania Hospital-and commented that patients ultimately suffer and die without sound nursing care. † (Clarke, 2003) Nursing leaders are under tremendous pressure to lower costs while improving quality. (Carter, 2004) It is often found that hospitals during low census times or times of budget cuts will try to let ancillary staff go and assign their duties to the nurse caring for the patient. Nurses can replace several other positions in a healthcare setting but no other position can replace the nurse. Nursing is not only a highly trained individual but someone who is called to be compassionate, caring and dedicated individual. There are many reasons why staffing by acuity or nurse-to-patient ratios should not be mandated by lawmakers. Direct care nurses should be involved in staffing decision. Outcomes are better when nurses have control of their workload. (Anonymous, 2005) Adequate staffing must be priority for anyone involved in healthcare and there are pros and cons to both staffing by acuity and nurse-to-patient ratios. With our aging population and the increased age of the baby boomer generation nurses are going to increase in demand. Healthcare is changing so quickly and this also affects the shortage. The average acuity of patients has increased over the last decade while the nursing shortage continues. Nurse-to-patient ratios are supposed to draw people into the filed but there is a shortage of educators at present time as well. Many colleges have long waiting list for nursing programs, yet many nurses only stay in the field for a short time after graduating. Many universities turn away good candidates to nursing programs due to insufficient number of faculty, clinical sites, classroom space, clinical preceptors, and budget constraints. (Allen, 2008) We as a nation must come to a conclusion to deal with the nursing shortage. Too many lawmakers are paying attention to the staffing formats suggested above and not doing anything to fix the nursing shortage. Whether by acuity or ratios, for each nurse to take fewer patients we will definitely need more nurses. Staffing by acuity is a format used to decide how many nursing hours are needed for certain diagnosis or types of patients. Typically areas within a healthcare facility where patients are less ill such as rehabilitation and medical-surgical units, nurses can care for as many as seven patients at a time. Their acuity score is much lower than a patient in the intensive care unit or a step-down unit. Healthcare systems that utilize staffing by acuity are looking at the safe number of certain levels of patients that one nurse can care for. The down side to staffing by acuity is that many feel administration will influence numbers to maintain a high number of patients per nurse. If all patients on a unit were a level eight then most acuity systems would call for three patients to one nurse but if all patients on a unit were all level ones then a nurse could be caring for as many as eight to ten patients. Acuity does not take every patient encounter into consideration. For instance a dementia patient may have a low acuity based on the nursing care since they usually do not have indwelling lines or invasive procedures. Although the same patient may require a high amount help with activities of daily living, decision making and education. (Walsh, 2003) Thus staffing by acuity can be a subjective form of nurse staffing. When done accurately, acuity based staffing can be very beneficial for the nursing staff. Illinois is one of many states that have implemented laws requiring hospitals to base staffing on acuity systems and then report compliance on a quarterly basis. Illinois Hospital Association supports acuity based staffing over nurse-to-patient ratios. (Anonymous. 2008) SB867 is a law in Illinois that requires hospitals to base staffing on a model that has been developed by a nursing care committee made up of at least 50% direct care nurses. (Anonymous. 2008) This assures the bedside nurse a significant voice in the staffing process. It allows nurses to base their staffing on the work they perform. The model should include levels of care and examples that fit you patient population. At times, nurses will under staff themselves by simply not giving their patients credit for their true acuity level. This law and practice demonstrates hospital’s commitment to their direct nurse staff. Acuity based staffing is believed to take all facts into the picture. Nurses should be trained to develop and use their acuity tool to best describe the patients they are caring for, thus supporting the need for additional staff. Nurse-to-patient ratios are a concept that mandates a certain number of patients for each nurse to care for. Depending on the types of patients being cared for this number can differ. California has a law requiring nurse-to-patient ratios be following in hospitals. This law was signed in 1999 but was unable to be implemented for another four years. California state guidelines say that medical-surgical patients are one to five and in the intensive care units ratios are one to one. Illinois also has a law up for approval, HB0485 that would mandate ratios. â€Å"Establishing a minimum,  specific and numerical ratio implies that there is a scientific basis for determining the number of nurses to patients above which good outcomes patients can be guaranteed. † ( Flowers, 2009) This law would put even more stringent regulations on hospitals. California has seen many issues related to the ratios law. Ratios can cause longer transfer times for patients, increased ER bypass and postponed elective surgeries. California has experienced 12 hospital closures and downsizing of services since ratios was implemented. Patients are not all alike, their needs are individually different. Nursing units are different and ratios do not take into account the nurse’s level of experience or the physical layout of the facility. Many times hospitals will attempt to meet ratio laws by terminating such positions as nurse assistants and environmental services workers. So in reality nurses may only have four patients to care for but they are responsible for total care of those patients. The other strategy hospitals have used to meet ratio guidelines is to replace registered nurses with licensed practical nurses and have only one register nurse on each shift as a charge nurse. Under California law, nurses are considered registered or licensed practical nurses. HB0485 prohibits this by stating the nurse ratio can only be made up from registered nurses. Supporters of nurse-to-patient ratios believe that these types of laws will recruit more individuals into the field and retain our current nurses. According to CNA President Deborah Burger, the ratio law is a mafor reason why more nurses are coming into California and why RN’s are staying at the bedside. (Anonymous, 2005) The working conditions are believed to be better when a nurse has fewer patients. The environment is considered safer when more nurses are available to care for the patients. Nurses feel they will have more time for direct patient care and fully evaluate the patient’s needs. Individuals, who support both staffing by acuity and ratios, believe that research is needed to support both ideas. I feel that acuity is the most accurate way to determine safe ratios. At Union County Hospital, where I work, we use our acuity tool to establish a level for each patient. This is nursing staff’s first indicator of needed staffing levels. We also use ratios to staff. Once the acuity is finished the charge nurses takes the acuity of the patients, level of experience of the oncoming shift and also our staffing matrix into consideration and staffs the next shift appropriately. I did a simple study recently and based on our staffing matrix that the charge nurse can take up to three patients and each additional staff nurse should not routinely take over six patients, we met the staffing matrix 84% of the time. Of that 84%, only 12% of the time did the acuity call for different staffing levels and most of that was that the acuity actually called for less staff. We are a for-profit hospital and as a manager I have to validate our staffing to the CFO on a weekly basis. I asked the nurses to accurately and honestly complete the acuity, keep our matrix in their mind, and make the best decision for the patients. I also ask that if there are any circumstances that influenced their decision they should leave note of this on the daily staffing sheet. I think that acuity and ratios complement each other when used together, but one size does not fit all in nurse staffing models. Lawmakers and hospital administrators should not be making these decisions for nurses, the bedside nurse should be able to make an individualized staffing plan for each shift based on the patients on the unit. References Allen, L. (2008). The Nursing Shortage Continues As Faculty Shortage Grows. Nursing Economics, 26(1), 35-41. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Anonymous (2005). Schwarenegger flexes muscles on nurses. Australian Nursing Journal, 12(7), 29. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Anonymous (2005). Ratios: Savior or villain? Australian Nursing Journal, 13(1), 15. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Anonymous (2008). Keep Contacting You State Representative To Oppose Nurse Staffing Ratio. Illinois Hospital Associations Position Paper. Retreived Febuary 24, 2009, from ihatoday. com/issues/workforce/hb392. html Carter, M. (2004). The ABC’s of staffing decisions. Nursing Management, 35(6), 16. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Clarke, S. (2003). Patient safety series, part 2 of 2: Balancing staffing and safety. Nursing Management, 34(6), 44-48. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Flowers, M. (2009). Nursing Care and Quality Improvement Act HB0485. 96th Illinois General Assembly. Retreived Febuary 24, 2009, from ilga. gov/legislation/96/HB/09600HB0485. htm. Morgan, S Tobin, P. (2004). Managing the Nursing Workforce. Nursing Management. Chicago, 35, 4-6. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Walsh, E. (2003). Get Real With Workload Measurement. Nursing Management. Chicago, 34(2), 38-42. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database.

Free Essays on Moon

The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth: orbit: 384,400 km from Earth diameter: 3476 km mass: 7.35e22 kg Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies. The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moon's phases. The time between successive new moons is 29.5 days (709 hours), slightly different from the Moon's orbital period (measured against the stars) since the Earth moves a significant distance in its orbit around the Sun in that time. Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes classified as a terrestrial "planet" along with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959. It is the only extraterrestrial body to have been visited by h! umans. The first landing was on July 20, 1969 (do you remember where you were?); the last was in December 1972. The Moon is also the only body from which samples have been returned to Earth. In the summer of 1994, the Moon was very extensively mapped by the little spacecraft Clementine and again in 1999 by Lunar Prospector. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is the tides. The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side. Since the Earth, and particularly the oceans, is not perfectly rigid it is stretched out along the line toward the Moon. From our perspective on the Earth's surface we see two small bulges, one in the direction of the Moon and one directly opposite. The effect is much stronger in the ocean water than in the solid crust so the water bulges are higher. And because the Earth rotates much faster than the M... Free Essays on Moon Free Essays on Moon The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth: orbit: 384,400 km from Earth diameter: 3476 km mass: 7.35e22 kg Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies. The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moon's phases. The time between successive new moons is 29.5 days (709 hours), slightly different from the Moon's orbital period (measured against the stars) since the Earth moves a significant distance in its orbit around the Sun in that time. Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes classified as a terrestrial "planet" along with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959. It is the only extraterrestrial body to have been visited by h! umans. The first landing was on July 20, 1969 (do you remember where you were?); the last was in December 1972. The Moon is also the only body from which samples have been returned to Earth. In the summer of 1994, the Moon was very extensively mapped by the little spacecraft Clementine and again in 1999 by Lunar Prospector. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is the tides. The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side. Since the Earth, and particularly the oceans, is not perfectly rigid it is stretched out along the line toward the Moon. From our perspective on the Earth's surface we see two small bulges, one in the direction of the Moon and one directly opposite. The effect is much stronger in the ocean water than in the solid crust so the water bulges are higher. And because the Earth rotates much faster than the M...

Difference Between the Tax System - the United States vs Italy Case Study

Difference Between the Tax System - the United States vs Italy - Case Study Example The author notes that the assumption by the revenue authority is true as organizations understate their revenues in readiness for bargaining with the tax authority in the actual tax payable. The aim of the approach is to earn more tax from taxpayers, than the amount that the taxpayers would pay based on their returns. The approach has further been integrated in Italy’s corporate culture such that organizations would underestimate their income, while filing tax returns, in order to gain ground for negotiating the final payable amount (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). The revenue authority also expects higher tax payments than organizations’ reported values and final payable values establish benchmarks for future tax payable amounts. This approach, according to the writer, works well with Italian firms or foreign firms that can adjust to the Italian practice. Those that are rigid to follow legal and moral provisions of their native countries, however, find it hard to cope with tax demand in Italy. The author also notes that the revenue authority is willing to intimidate taxpayers to adjust to the system and embrace the negotiation approach. The example of an American general manager explains this as he receives intimidating notices following his failure to embrace the negotiation approach. When he finally visits the revenue authority’s office, they inform him of the need for dialogue (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). I agree with the writer’s proposition that the Italian culture of tax collection is different from approaches in jurisdictions, such as in the United States, and that such differences are likely to create challenges to stakeholders from the other jurisdictions. The existence of differences in other aspects of culture across nations informs my support for the author’s proposition. While some cultures value collectivism, other value individualism. Similarly, while culture in some nations allows for informal appreciations during or after contract formations, other cultures may consider such advances immoral.  

Juvenile Justice Written Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Justice Written Assignment - Coursework Example He believes that the kid will improve if given much support and attention when released from the court in order to avoid being reoffended. The defense attorney also believes that the kid can be involved in more productive activities of his family and society in order to make the best use of his energy and efforts. When the kid is engaged in constructive activities of the society, this will help him to divert his energy in helping the society. This will also help Marquese in doing constructive activities thereby developing life skills which may further help him avoid the criminal activities by appreciating the role of order and justice in the society. The defense attorney therefore claims that Marquese lacked the necessary institutions to help him change his behavior. The kid should therefore be provided with relevant institutions that will help him develop life skills and family nurturing in order to engage and concentrate most of his time and energy in the constructive activities in the society. He should also be given moral support and guidance in order to help him reduce time available and discourage such criminal activities. ... Marquese is referred to as a frequent flier by the system due to his repetitive acts of criminal offences in and out of the court. He was therefore branded a frequent flyer due to his frequent and repetitive cases in court pertaining to criminal activities especially theft. The system has failed this this child because it has taken much into consideration the nature of the child at home and school so as to help him out of such a situation. This name suggests that the child habit could not be reformed but in reality Marquese can actually transform when subjected to close family support and monitoring. This name shows that Marquese was not given the necessary rehabilitation support in order to transform his behaviors. This therefore indicates the failure of the system to provide the child with the necessary support and psychological guidance concerning his situation. This name also convince the child that he cannot change his behavior. The system therefore failed to understand the actu al problems Marquese is undergoing like the abuse of drugs which needs special attention. Marquese was branded with negative names which made him wilder thereby discouraging his change of behavior. Marquese also never received adequate assistance that could help him fit into the society after leaving the court. This child can be rehabilitated because his situation is due to lack of moral guidance and support. This is shown by the arguments of his attorney general. Marquese is said to be a good student in school and he also loves her mother a lot. This child can therefore be rehabilitated through provision of adequate and necessary parental guidance and support of the society in order to engage in productive activities. The child can also transform when

The New Frontier Politics and Social Change Essay Example for Free

The New Frontier Politics and Social Change Essay The decade of the 1960s is a link between the past and the future. The exciting images and events of the 1960s were traces and shadows of the previous two decades and at the same time served as the influences of the present. The same decade characterized the U.S. history with the emergence of new frontier politics and social change coming from famous personalities and notable events. What used to be just an inspirational slogan used by John F. Kennedy, the â€Å"new frontier† phrase became the domestic and foreign policy label or trademark by the 35th President of one of the most powerful nations in the world. The colorful era of the 1960s saw the beginning of the new frontier, expansion of the civil rights movement, foreign frontiers, Lyndon Johnson and the great society, from civil rights to black power, the tragedy of Vietnam, and the sixties crescendo, all of which shaped not only the lives of the American people but of a lot of people around the world. Notwithstanding its success and failures, the 1960s new disciplines and social changes indeed determined the people and events of the past and the present. A Glimpse of New Frontiers: Politics and Social Change in the 1960s In a document titled â€Å"New Frontiers: Politics and Social Change in the 1960s,† historians George B. Tindall, David E. Shi and Thomas Lee Pearcy told of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States in a decade that showed an active idealism. Based on the account of the three authors, the 1960s also attested a spectacular and fresh stage of the civil rights movement. The pictured Kennedy was one of the first nation presidents to acknowledge that the majority of the American people were not only entangled into poverty but also deprived of public awareness or consciousness. The three historian added that despite the fact that Kennedy himself was unwilling to battle racial discrimination in his country, the circumstances of the 1960s eventually drove him and the next President, Lyndon Johnson, to make civil rights their main business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Actually, it was the time of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. which saw the beginning and foundation of the national civil rights movement. Securing from the superior scheme of nonviolent civil disobedience, King grabbed the attention and sympathy of a ca self-satisfied country like the U.S. The same decade accounted for the formation by King of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference of SCLS. King and his organization compelled the national leaders to help and address needs of the victims of racial injustice. This was done through a lot of protests. Kings burning dedication and morale-booster expressions ignited patriotism among both black as well as white Americans. His campaigns resulted in the enactment of major measures such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that specifically forbid racial discrimination in work force and public places. Kings efforts also led to the legislation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that superseded literacy examinations and other legal ways utilized by local registrars to refuse blacks right to voting. The cited events made King the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, as the civil rights movement began to take part, its lawful and political profits failed to be turned into a fast economic and social improvement. Black-related incidents of crime and drug addiction, fatherless households, and intense frustration and alienation persisted in the country. Statistics showed the number of race riots, people that were killed and arrested. It was unfortunate that for a lot of urban blacks (African-Americans), civil rights movement resulted into less and real improvement in their lives. This is because in real life, these blacks actually suffered from prolong poverty, unemployment, decreasing housing and schools facilities, and cruelty by those in power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The campaign for â€Å"Black Power† in the middle of 1960s was a result of the impatience of the young black militants with Kings leadership ability and his dedication to consolidate within the whites who are the majority of the society. This was spearheaded by Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown who resisted the peaceful civil rebellion of King and his organization. For them, Black Power became the rallying cry in the mid-1960s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Black Power idea came from the black custom of patriotism on the premise that black people such as those with African roots partake in a unique civilization and fate. It was based from the agitating dissatisfaction of the rate of social modifications among urban blacks. Malcolm X, who was the most powerful advocate of black patriotism, encouraged the blacks to even violently take charge in their communities. Malcolm X was different with King because he was not fascinated in supporting consolidation with the whites. His aim was an isolated and independent black society in his country. In a turn of events before the mid-1960s, Malcolm X started to soften his position. He separated from the Black Muslims and started to speak of racial cooperation. For Malcolm X. this apparent abandonment resulted in his death perpetrated by the assassins from his own group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The aggressiveness portrayed by Malcolm X continued among the younger Black Power supporters. It was in the summer of 1966 that Stokely Carmichael led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC to break away from its initial dedication to non-violent social alteration. He was replaced by H. Rap Brown who instructed SNCC members to arm themselves, put the cities on fire, and kill the whites. Another group led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale supported these powerful campaign feelings and eventually formed the Black Panther Party that made insurgent activities against white leaders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The summer from 1965 and 1968 sparked racial-related public violence in American municipalities. The number of killed and arrested people as well as the escalating rioting during 1967 compelled President Johnson to designate Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois as a special National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. The Kerner Commission Report, that determined the causes of the racial violence, went out the next year. It called for a caring, solid and continuous dedication to racial and social fairness to be supported by the most powerful and richest country in the whole world. Again in a tragic turn of circumstances and after a month that the Kerner paper was reported, King was assassinated that re-ignited eruption of racial-related violence in the U.S.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the later part of the 1960s the cry for racial equality was complicated with other powerful events within American societies. These include antiwar resistance or protest actions as well as compelling feminist-related actions. The connection among these two forces, coupled with other campaigns, which were elicited with their traditional backfires, jeopardized and unscrambled U.S. towards the end of 1960s. For more and a detailed understanding of the cited new frontier politics and social changes, it would be helpful and important to note the Tindall, Shi and Pearcy documents that appeared in â€Å"The Essential America† (2001) and â€Å"America: A Narrative History† (2003). The New Frontier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the similar documents that appeared in both books, the election, eventually victory and domestic as well as foreign policies for the nation characterized what President Kennedy called as the new frontier. Aside from these, the strong personality or character of Kennedy and his family had a much effect to the events of the 1960s. The three authors manifestation of the new frontier was traced from Kennedys wealthy family and from the Presidents own portrayal of vigor, energy, and even his good or charming looks. His Catholicism was never a problem and impossibility. In fact, he was more noted for his youth and having a beautiful wife caught the American imagination (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said Tindall, Shi and Pearcy materials documented the economic policies of the â€Å"New Frontier legislation† such as the gain in the minimum salary of the people and that of expenses incurred by the government expenditures that were intended for housing of poor Americans. The three authors, however, noted the tragic assassination of Kennedy that was accompanied by various conflicting conspiracy theories. They added that this unfortunate end to the life of Kennedy and the other turn of events during the early 1960s failed to divulge some weaknesses and failures of the said regime. Specifically, Kennedys new frontier is all about Kennedys election; his style of administration; and his domestic records such as the tax-cut proposal and legislative victories because of foreign aid, Peace Corps, trade expansion, housing assistance, increased minimum wage, area development and space race (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). Civil Rights Movement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tindall, Shi and Pearcy said that the fight for equal rights for Blacks actually started even before the decade of the 1960s. The three historians accounted that the Blacks rights to citizenship and vote were provided by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, respectively. For a short time and just before 1877, the Blacks actively took part in the American politics. This was cut off as the racists Whites restored their rule. This made it harder for Blacks to utilize their rights as provided by the Constitution. The Blacks have been continuously conscious of their countrys cry to battle dictatorship. However, it turned out that the rights that they fought for were always intended for others such as the Anglo Saxon. This was in contrast with the Whites who were associated with home, family and the country. The Blacks, who realized that they were always violated and ignored, eventually affirmed that they needed to fight and even die to protect their rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fight for rights of the Blacks started with their sit-in protest organizations. These were done during lunch in various restaurants counters. In the event they were not serviced, the Black just stayed at their respective locations. Although some of these sit-ins were effective, the Blacks are usually faced with violence and the militants were even jailed. The sit-ins were later followed by boycott, marches, picketing and other forms of protests that turned out to be effective. The freedom that the Black Americans enjoy today was the fruits of the campaigns made by a lot of former Blacks who just died giving up the fight. In particular, Tindall, Shi and Pearcy wrote that the growth of the civil rights movement included the mass movements, student participation, formation of the SNCC, and importance of 1960s music. This period was also marked by freedom rides and the Federal intervention particularly the integration of â€Å"Ole Miss,† Birmingham demonstrations, JFKs changing position as well as his confrontation with George Wallace (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). Foreign Frontiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the same Tindall, Shi and Pearcy documents, the foreign frontiers in the 1960s actually referred to Kennedys foreign policies. The invasion of Cuba proved to be both successful and failure for Kennedy administration. Just after taking his oath of office, Kennedy discovered a CIA strategy to invade Cuba and overrule President Fidel Castro with the utilization of Cuban exiles in the United States. Kennedys approval of the Bay of Pigs in April of 1961 turned out to be a disaster. This is because his decision to withheld critical air support at the last minute resulted to Soviet Unions increased direct military aid to Cube thereby jeopardizing the American operation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hostilities between the communist USSR and the United States that were already   in place because of the construction of the Berlin Wall in August of 1961 escalated in the last quarter of 1962. This was proven by aerial photographs which disclosed that the Russians were building medium-range missile sites in Cuba. The nuclear fiasco between the USSR and the United States was immediately acted upon by Kennedy when he instructed a naval barricade around Cuba. This military action prevented the Soviet Union from bringing in any more missiles in Cuba and the Russians were also forced to dismantle and remove any missiles already placed in Cuba. History accounted this event as the Cuban missile crisis that actually brought the world to the edge of nuclear war. It was terminated four days after the Kennedy order when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev surrendered to Kennedys requirements. The missiles were returned to the USSR while the United States committed not to invade Cuba and, in a more subtle decision, also removed its own missiles from Turkey (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thereafter, the relationship between America and Soviet Union improved as proven by the establishment of a â€Å"hot line† telephone link between Washington and Moscow that made communications between the superpowers easier. It was in August of 1963 that the Soviet Union, apparently worried over a possible threat from China, called on for Great Britain and the United States and the three nations later signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. This pact prohibited nuclear testing on the earths air and water areas. However, other nuclear-power countries such as France and China did not take part in the accord. Noticeably, the treaty with the USSR actually showed that Kennedy still safeguarded his country from communist expansion (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kennedys foreign policies also involved the countrys additional American military and personnel assistance to South Vietnam. By the end of 1963, there were 16,000 U.S. military personnel in the region. The increased presence of the communist Viet Cong in the provinces signaled the beginning of the Vietnam Wat with Kennedy supporting the South Vietnamese Army in overthrowing infamous President Ngo Dinh Diem. However, the decision of the United States to recognize the new military government that succeeded Diem after his death proved to be a wrong foreign policy made by Kennedy. This is because the new government barely made an effort to put up even a show of democracy. Although Kennedy supporters claimed that the president was inclined to withdraw from Vietnam after the 1964 election, his critics believed that the withdrawal was an apparent acceptance of the domino theory that viewed Communism as a massive entity which is hard to reckon with (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2001).    Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Johnson administration was initially shocked by the Kennedy assassination. Despite the fact that the Kennedy regime was such a promise, Johnson had to move the country. He did this through his superior political skills and tactics and by making use as well as putting into actions what Kennedy was able to put in Congress legislation. Johnsons programs included working for a better education system and school facilities, medical care for the elderly and ultimately to put a stop to poverty. Johnsons efforts were tested in influencing Congress to approve the Medicare and Medicaid measures. Aside from these, there were also other similarly important cases handled by the Supreme Court during the Johnson administration that helped formed the American society. Specifically, Johnson and what was called the Great Society was characterized by the Presidents background and style, his early legislative achievements, the 1964 election, landmark legislations, civil rights movement and the development of Black power (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). From Civil Rights to Black Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Civil Rights movement in the 1960s was followed by the Black Power when a lot of SNCC members such as Kwame Ture who were critical of the peaceful means to address racial equality. The progression of increasingly radical Civil Rights Movement was also followed by the increasing yet subtle rejection by the younger Blacks of the idea of appealing to the publics morality and religious doctrines. Black power proponents generally reasoned that their consolidation with the Whites actually steal them of their self-respect and inheritance. In present world, majority of Black Power proponents did not change their independence argument. This is because racial equality remains around the world and it is generally accepted that the Black Americans did not finally absorb into the American mainstream culture. In fact, the Blacks were more suppressed by their own race nowadays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Tindall, Shi and Pearcy specifically identified that the civil rights movement included the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights of 1965 while the development of the Black Power was characterized by the riots of 1965 and 1966, the assessment of the urban black condition and the focus on Black Power (Tindall, Shi Pearcy, 2003). The Tragedy of Vietnam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What the Johnson administration aimed to stop the spread of Communism turned out to be disastrous for the administration primarily because of his critical decisions involving Vietnam War. As the war escalated, Americas assistance was not enough and the communist North Vietnamese gained control of more and more jurisdictions. This prompted Johnson to send additional military troops in South Vietnamese. This military action proved tragic for American war history and fatal for many American soldiers. It also jeopardized Johnsons administration and later hurt the Nixon regime. It was perceived as the longest yet least successful war that America has entered into. Sixties Crescendo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tindall, Shi and Pearcy specifically identified that the sixties crescendo was composed of the twin tragedies of 1968 such as the assassinations of King and Kennedy as well as the convergence on the election of 1968. The 1960s significantly showed more than the above-cited events. The sixties crescendo manifested the young Americans’ refusal to accept the conventional norms of the 1960s society. This respite resulted to a counterculture that embraced the ideas of freedom and individuality. These ideas were seen with the young Americans experimentation of fresh kinds of dressing and music inclinations. This counterculture and pop culture not only tested how these young Americans would look like but also influenced their relationships with others. Aside from culture awakenings, the sixties crescendo was also marked by the promotion of the rights of the women. These included the passion for womens liberation and feminism. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much has been showed by the new frontier politics and social changes in the 1960s. It marked the success and failures of the administrations of at least three famous American presidents – Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. It also accounted for the emergence of the powerful personalities such as King and his successors. Nonetheless, all their works, achievements and misfortunes are now just a thing of the past. It would be fruitful, however, to note what they have done and what did the decade of 1960s taught not only the Americans but people worldwide. Simply put, there is no harm in learning from the accomplishments and mistakes of the past. References Tindall, G. B., Shi, D. E., Pearcy, T. L. (2001). The Essential America. New York: W. W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Norton Company. Tindall, G. B., Shi, D. E., Pearcy, T. L. (2003). America: A Narrative History. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   W. W. Norton Company.

Cover Letter Essay example -- essays research papers

RSC COVER LETTER TEMPLATE Some Points to Consider†¦  Put your name and contact info at the top of the letter. Make sure your name is in a font large enough to easily pick out.  Whenever possible, address the letter to a specific person by name and title. Even if responding to a job ad that states "no phone calls", consider calling to politely ask the name of the hiring authority. Unfortunately, you may not always be able to identify the name of a specific person. In which case, send the letter to the title of the recipient (i.e. Human Resources Manager, Recruiter, Marketing Manager, Accounts Payable Supervisor, Office Manager, etc). Do not use "To whom it may concern."  State your interest in the job for which you are applying and the company. Be particular about why you really like this position and company and not some other position and company.  Mention your skills, education, special training, and work experience that qualify you for the job. Try to think from the employer’s point of view - what skills and experience are they looking for in the ideal candidate for the job you want? (If you are replying to a specific job ad, this may be listed there) Stress these skills.  Provide a contact info (phone number, email) that you can be contacted easily or else somewhere where they can leave a message that check regularly (if need be give the best time the employer can reach you at). &am...

Methods to Cope with Life in Extreme Climates Essay

People use varying methods to cope with life in extreme climates. An extreme climate is an area with an abnormal weather pattern which increases the difficulty to survive. An example of where people have adapted to survive is in Australia. Australian settlers have spent countless decades refining complex methods of withstanding the astringent conditions of the outback. People in central Australia use a wide variety of methods and approaches to struggle against the sweltering heat. One example of this is the construction of houses cut from shear rock. This is a brilliant method of coping with the weather as it keeps your house the same temperature through the day and night. This is because in the day it is sheltered and cool and at night the rock radiates any heat it has absorbed through the course of the day, eradicating any need for central heating or air conditioning. This saves any costs or pollution from the man made systems. An example of this is shown in a hotel known as Prairie Hotel. They had an extension built onto the hotel underground with no additional heating or electrical bills as it sustains itself in that sense. Another way that people in Australia have adapted to living in extreme climates is by wearing longer, but thinner clothing. This is not what most members of the general British public would expect as we tend to wear short clothes so as to keep cool. However the risk of sunburn is so great it is not worth it. Many of the explorers who first tried to map Australia died of sun stroke because of that fact. However, the native Aborigines do not nee to wear long clothes as their skin has learned to cope with the heat on its own. Another way that Australians lead a different lifestyle from us in order to cope with the extreme weather and scale of the deserts is to generate their own electricity privately. This is so as to save the costs of laying millions of pounds of cable and paying the bills. Additionally as Australia is near free from cloud cover in the outback, what other technology would you use but solar power. It may be expensive, but not when focused in comparison to the costs to the cable company and the electrical firm. Moreover, it can also help the environment by lessening the number of people draining our coal reserves to make power. In conclusion, I think that the original statement is true as shown by the evidence above. The most major of these being the fact that they generate much more of their own power. I believe that it would be fantastic if more MEDCs adopted this, however in ones such as Britain and the Republic of Ireland the overall climate is far to cloudy to be able to generate solar power. However many other of their ideas and ways of life are easily transferable to other cultures which could help make the world a more sustainable and better place to live.

Dead Man Walking Summary

A DEAD MAN WALKING Matthew Poncelet is sentenced to death for the murder of Walter Delacroix and Hope Percy. He has been closely followed by Sister Helen Prejean who is strongly against capital punishment, and today, we are to follow him for his last day. 15:00: He meets his family for the last time, and he talks with them like nothing has ever happened. They laugh together and talk about everyday things, but they are also looking back on the past. It’s humbling to see a man who will be dead in a few hours talking with his family without showing signs of anger. â€Å"Some people are asking about your funeral †¦ nd I get real angry and I say, He's not dead yet,† he’s mother says. The mood dampens, and you can feel the emptiness in the room. The only sound left to hear is the squeaking from Troy’s shoes. Its 18:45 and the prison guards tell Matthew’s family to leave. They give him he’s possessions which he tells him family to take, except for his boots – he wants’ to die with them. It is hours before he is going to be killed, and he eats his last meal like it didn’t matter. â€Å"I’ve never had shrimps before,† he says, shoveling them down. Moments before his death, he finally shows how he regrets, for the first time.THE LAST WORDS He is lead to the execution chamber by several police guards. â€Å"Dead man walking! † one of them says. They wouldn’t let him wear his boots, and it was clearly humiliating for him to have to walk to his own death in that way. They tie him to the chair, and insert the needle. He tells the parents of his victims that he regrets what he has done. He asks for forgiveness. They watch him with a cold and still face, showing no reactions to his words. And finally, the last words: â€Å"I just wanna say I think killin’ is wrong, no matter who does it, whether it’s me or y’all or your government. †

Essay on V For Vendetta

Essay on V For Vendetta Essay on V For Vendetta During the revolution Egyptians referenced â€Å"V for Vendetta† more frequently than any other work of art. Protestors held up signs that read â€Å"Remember, remember the 25 of January.† On the internet, Photoshop was used to alter Pharaoh Tout Ankh Amoun’s face into a Fawkes smile. Sarah Abdel Rahman, an activist who ended up on TIME magazine’s cover page during the revolution referred to scenes from the film when I discussed the revolution with her. Guy Fawkes’ bumper stickers are stuck on the back windows of dozens of cars driving through Cairo traffic; his mask painted red, white and black resembling the Egyptian flag. The list goes on and on, there’s no doubt about it, in 2011 â€Å"V for Vendetta† stirred up as much conversations in Egypt as when it first spread controversy the day it was released here. The controversy back then was one that split opinions between critics and film fans alike. Does the film promote terrorism? Is V a terrorist or a freedom fighter? By definition a terrorist is one of two things: 1. a person, usually a member of a group, who uses or advocates terrorism 2. a person who terrorizes or frightens others V does blow up buildings, but they’re usually empty after the curfew and he does kill policemen when they attack him. V is not a typical terrorist, for he terrorizes a group that uses terror to rule the masses. By definition the government portrayed in the picture could be considered terrorists as well for they are a group that â€Å"frightens others†. The only difference is V could also be considered a freedom fighter. The same can’t be said about the members of the British government in the film. â€Å"People should not be afraid of their governments, governments should be afraid of their people.† was tweeted endlessly during the revolution, even though I fully disagree with what it says. Fear should not be the driving factor behind anything. In fact, a government should be at peace with its people and vice versa. In other words, there has to be a mutual aspect between governments and their people and it shouldn’t be fear by rather a mutual understanding. But this isn’t why I decided to write about the film. For a film that better understands this material, I recommend the superior â€Å"The Battle of Algiers†. Granted the constant referring drove me to revisit â€Å"V for Vendetta† and when I did, it wasn’t the controversy or the dozens of similarities between both the previous Egyptian regime and the government in the film that caught my attention. I decided to write about how the film delivers its message visually. James McTeigue’s â€Å"V for Vendetta† starts with black and white opening credits. The human eye automatically associates black and white with old. Intense military music plays in the background and the images have aged markings on them like they belong to an old film reel. These credits resemble old footage of Nazi propaganda films which plays a major role in this film as historical context is one of its themes. A narrated voice then transported to the 17th century, 1605 A.D. to be specific. We are introduced to man by the name of Guy Fawkes. He tried to blow up the house of parliaments on November the 5th of that year. Visually we know we’re witnessing the story narrated through the costume designs of a period hundreds of years old. Fawkes is caught and he’s about to be executed in front of the public. We get a high angle shot of an angry crowd waving their fists into the air. The fact that the shot was angled from above helps the viewer look down at these people both literally and figuratively. Fawkes is wearing a white shirt symbolizing his innocence. As the noose is tied around his neck, he searches for a loved one, the only sad person in a sea of angry people. When we finally see her, the shot isn’t set up from a high angle suggesting she’s the only righteous person there. We then get an extreme close-up of her eyes as a tear slides down her cheek. The use of a close-up is very relevant as it demands and

Skydiving and Parachuting Weather - Atmosphere

Skydiving and Parachuting Weather - Atmosphere We live on the bottom of an ocean of air that covers our world. Some people venture up into that ocean as aviators. Some even get out of their aircraft and allow their density to pull them back down to the bottom. Currently, this can only be survived through the use of a parachute. Although, skydiving seems like an extreme activity to many people, in good weather conditions the risks are very low. When weather conditions change, risks are compounded. That is why these daredevils must be very aware of the currents and conditions of this ocean of air. Wind Conditions and Skydivers The factor that is most important to skydivers is wind conditions. Modern square parachutes have approximately a twenty mile per hour forward speed. This forward speed affords the skydiver great maneuverability. On a day with no wind, a parachutist can go twenty miles per hour in whatever direction they prefer. When the wind is blowing, the wind speed and direction must be taken into consideration in order to land in the designated landing area. Just like a boat on a river, the currents of air will push a parachute in the direction that it is flowing. Using Winds for Spotting Skydivers learn a skill called spotting, which is to pick out the location above the ground that will allow the wind to best assist the skydiver with getting back to the landing zone. There are three ways to figure out the best spot for the jump: Skydivers may use the winds aloft forecast provided by the National Weather Service.The skydiver may simply look at the movement of the clouds aloft for the upper winds.Looking at the windsocks and flags on the drop zone for surface wind speed and direction also works. The Effects of Winds on the Drop Zone A 10 mile per hour wind will drift a skydiver a half a mile in a normal 3000-foot descent under canopy. Because a skydiver in freefall is going at speeds ranging from 120 mph and 180 mph on average, they only stay in freefall for between 45 seconds to a minute. With less surface area to cause drift, freefall drift is much less than the wind drift under canopy. So skydivers look at an aerial view of the area and find an easily visible landmark that is as far upwind of the landing area as their estimated drift. Once in the air, the real trick is to able to look straight down and direct the plane to that spot. One degree of angle becomes quite a large distance of the spot when looking from a height of two miles up. Modern GPS technology has made the job in the aircraft much easier because all the pilot has to do is head into the wind and look at the GPS for the distance from the center of the landing zone, but a good skydiver still knows how to look for the spot. The Dangers of Wind Turbulence and Skydiving As air flows over objects close to the ground, it will roll, just like water flowing over a rock. This rolling air is known as turbulence. Turbulence is very dangerous to skydivers because if a jumper gets caught in a downward flow of air, it will accelerate the parachutist toward the ground, which can result in injury or death. Unlike water on a river, this flow is invisible, so skydivers must be aware of the objects that cause turbulence such as buildings, trees, or mountains. Depending on wind speed, turbulence can be created downwind of that obstacle at a distance of ten to twenty times the height of the obstacle. That is one of the reasons why skydivers dont typically jump when the winds are more than 20 to 30 mph. Clouds and the Parachutist Clouds are also a factor when skydiving. In the United States skydiving falls under visual flight rules, which basically means a skydiver needs a clear view of the ground from the height that they wish to jump. Although clouds are droplets of condensed water and would not hurt the skydiver if they fell through them, it is what is on the other side of them that the skydiver cant see, such as an airplane, that could hurt them. The FAA has specifications as to how far away from clouds you must be depending on what altitude you are at, and they are listed in FAR 105.17. Beware of Thunderstorms Especially dangerous to skydivers are thunderstorms. They are generally accompanied by very strong and erratic winds and have even been known to have updrafts that are strong enough to lift a skydiver into dangerous levels of the atmosphere where there is very little oxygen. Now that you know what kind of weather you need to skydive safely, pick a beautiful day and head out to your local skydiving center. The United States Parachute Association is the only national organization that is recognized by the International Federation of Aeronautics. The USPA offers a list of member skydiving centers (dropzones) that promise to follow the basic safety requirements for skydiving. Edited by Mr. Dennis Zurawski

A real-life career situation is more meaningful and useful than a Essay

A real-life career situation is more meaningful and useful than a hypothetical one - Essay Example Nonetheless, the main reason for this memo is to rejuvenate your minds. This comes as an advice, as well as a reminder that, a real-life career situation is more meaningful and useful than a hypothetical one. For any of us to succeed in our professions, it is important that we all consider the real life situations, and be ready to face them under different circumstances in our careers. Today, I therefore, want to motivate all us and remind us of the usefulness of using real life career situations, as opposed to hypothetical ones. As trainees, you are not fully exposed to major career situations, given your little experience in the professional life. Nonetheless, it is crucial for you all to think about using the real life career situations and draw on them to make important assumptions about various functions in the company, as well as developing your skills, and other capabilities, which the real life career situations will help to build. As young professionals, you are yet to encou nter major real life career situations, as you are still new in the professional world. However, it is imperative that you be prepared for more important future responsibilities in your career. In future, you will be forced to address different real-life career situations, including problems and challenges affecting the company. Therefore, it is better to learn from the various career situations in the company today. Instead of focusing on hypothetical career situations for practice, it is more beneficial to focus on some of the major situations the company faces today, and try to address or come up with possible solutions to these. This will benefit each one of you as an individual, as you will be able to develop critical thinking skills, analytical skills, and problem solving skills, among others. I wish to take you through one major example of the way through which you might use a real life career situation in the course of your working in this company, to develop important skill s. In this company, there has been a major challenge since the company was established in this country. Being a multinational company in a foreign country, the aspect of globalization remains the company’s major challenge. Therefore, if any of you needs to gain an insight into some of the problems facing multinationals in foreign countries, you may contextualize this company, and learn from it, instead of hypothesizing an imaginary multinational and trying to relate to it. As a graduate trainee in this company, each of you is offered an opportunity to learn and be knowledgeable and be better professionals in the future. You have the chance of a first-hand experience on various aspects in the company. Therefore, these are real situations, which you must learn from. By virtue of being part of this company, you all have a privilege of experiencing how globalization can affect a multinational company. Different elements in this company today prove the effect of globalization. Fir st, our employees are from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, these have different values, attitudes, morals, among other cultural perceptions. Therefore, it sometimes was hard to integrate these employees into the organizational culture. The company therefore, experienced vast hitches in its internal communication. How do you think the company finally

Enhancing Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enhancing Shareholder Value - Essay Example Another school of thought believes that dividends are adverse for the average shareholder as they attract taxes and cause fiscal disadvantages. Last but not the least the third group lauds large dividends as a positive signal to shareholders that all is well. So where does the modern shareholder value satisfaction stand in relation to dividend policies This is the one of the main issues which I will review in my paper below. Secondly my research is concerned with whether corporate governance is a mechanism to enhance shareholder wealth The fear of manager stockholder conflicts as being a threat to Shareholder wealth has been expressed by many academics as the quote below demonstrates, "The separation of ownership and control in a modern corporation often requires the delegation of significant decision-making authority to professional managers, which introduces the possibility that managers will have incentives to make decisions that benefit them at the expense of stockholders" (Byrd, Parrino and Pritsch, 1998). As this quote argues from the thesis by Byrd, Parrino and Pritsch, 1998 where the authors have argued that the separation of ownership and control in a modern corporate form will require the transfer of this responsibility to professional managers and this will introduce a stockholder-manager conflict with in the corporate structure. It has even been suggested that like most small investors, they would be likely to depend on free-rider benefits from the efforts of larger shareholders, who may have better expertise in corporate monitoring (Byrd, Parrino, & Pritsch,1998). My paper will defend the Berles and Means thesis and try to assess the truth in the statement given in the question. The modern corporate form finds itself dependant on the efficient allocation of resources by its agents of the funds which have been made available by the shareholders.The creation of new ventures and prudent investment becomes a focal aim of the established companies. This efficient allocation is dependant upon what the investors believe will be the returns as well as the trust that their company will be managed to maximize the investment and that the cash flows promised in exchange for the investment will effectively be returned.This trust will be established through a broad set of factors which will stem from the legal, institutional and regulatory environment that guarantees the investor protection.Accountability is the core concern that runs throughout the governance issues. Whether it is accountability of the management to the board, or the board to the shareholders, or even the employees to the employers, this is one issue that comes to fore whenever the subject is raised. Ac countability does not confine itself to financial matters alone. It covers the whole idea of responsibilities placed on a person, a group or even a department and the evaluation thereof to find out how these responsibilities were carried out or delivered. The third issue which I will deal briefly with is how corporate governance can enhance shareholder wealth and the role of the law

Observations at a College Campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observations at a College Campus - Essay Example Men and women traditionally inhabit roles that place them within societal roles through which various functions begin to be addressed. One of the habits seen in watching women that are in the traditional age range of college attendance is that the use of sweeping their hair behind their ear repeats itself through social groups In observing the college campus setting for two hours, the use of this indicator of female openness to mating was observed repeatedly as women talked in only female groups, and more so in coed or male to female conversation. Men would become more aggressive in all male groups, where they tended to display puffery in mixed groups, displaying their virility through grandiose behaviors. Age played a significant role in the way in which both males and females behaved. Students who were only a year out of high school behaved in ways that showed that they were still protecting themselves from what was still somewhat unfamiliar. Students more familiar with the college experience walked more slowly and without a need for protective devices. Students who were of college age were more social with one another, while students who seemed to be older were isolated more often. Social grouping happened in a number of different ways. One of the interesting ways in which people grouped was in having similar levels of attractiveness. People who were socially considered more attractive were seen together with various levels of attractiveness tending to group together. Couples were frequently seen through this time period as they walked in a way that was oriented towards one another, making it clear that they were in a mated pairing. There were no groups during this time period which seemed to be grouping over racial classifications, but this does not mean that this does not occur. It was very interesting to see that social groups seemed to be more important to younger students, while older students were primarily alone as they walked through the campus. It i s possible that having become a student and gone through the process within that same university that interpretation of behavior is based upon the observer’s own memories of similar experiences. This is especially relevant to interpreting first year behaviors in comparison to older students. As well, differences in racial classifications is not something that the observer indulges, so seeing them may have been interpreted through other ways to classify them, leaving that aspect out of the observation. It was interesting to observe the hair sweep behind the ear, having often thought it was a common ritual among women. Client’s Name Professor’s Name Class Date Observations at a Wedding Reception In order to study the rituals and behaviors of a common Caucasian wedding, it was necessary to go to the (name of hotel) on (date) in order to observe a wedding reception from a distance. The period of time spent watching was intended to be two hours, but ended up being th ree. Having no relationship to anyone at the event, observations were made by sitting isolated from the activities and through sitting outside of the area in which these events were taking place, but still within the reception hall. Permission was granted to observe through asking an older member of the bridal party who was presumably one of the fathers. The original intention had

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection Essay Introduction In business, quality refers measures of excellence and remaining free of defects, deficiencies, and significant variations. Quality products or services are brought about by the commitment to abide by certain standards. These standards are put in place to maintain customer or user satisfaction, (Business Dictionary.com, 2014). In this paper, Learning Team A will discuss total quality management, ISO standards, how these standards are used to improve an organization, benefits and challenges of these standards, and the role of the quality control department within an organization in relation to TQM and ISO standards. Total Quality Management and ISO Total quality management may be defined as managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer, (Jacobs, H., Chase, R., 2011).† The two primary goals of total quality management (TQM) are to ensure that the product or service is carefully designed, and secondly, to ensure systems within the organization can consistently produce and design the product or service. TQM resembles Six Sigma to a great degree, but it is a different process. TQM focuses on ensuring standards and guidelines are actually reducing errors while Sigma looks to reduce defects, (Jacobs, H., Chase, R., 2011).† ISO are a series of standards used to measure quality. These guidelines are international guidelines established by the Internal Organization for Standardization. To gain certification for these standards, the process takes greater than a year. ISO 9000 represents standards for the criteria that need to be met during manufacturing processes. ISO 14000 refers to rules or guidelines set for environmental management of industrial production. This standard simply promotes useful tools for businesses to help manage environmental impact, (Investopedia, 2014). Advantages of TQM and ISO in organizations Customer satisfaction is the main goal for every organization. Customers are satisfied if they get a product or service that meets their expectation and if it is of fair price. Total Quality management helps to provide this quality assurance for the customers. It helps the organization to make the needed corrections and improve production. Apart from satisfied customers, organizations also need to improve their efficiency and effectiveness of doing business. TQM places a focus on internal process that includes process alignment, consistent delivery and process productivity (CEBOS, 2012). With TQM, organizations will have a longer term competitive edge. TQM is a philosophy that empowers all the employees and it promotes continuous and sustained improvement. Its basic principle is that the cost of prevention is less than the cost of correction (Gharakhani, Rahmati, Farrokhi, Farahmandian, 2013). Like TQM, ISO also provides benefits for a business. According to (ISO, 2014), when a company improves its operations, it saves cost. Having internationalized standards will improve operations and reduces operational expenses. Standards will help to enhance customer satisfaction and access new markets. It also helps companies to increase their productivity and stay in the competitive edge. ISO 9000, certification increases marketability and reduces product liability risks, because the quality of the product is enhanced. With the ISO 14000, organizations reduce their footprint in global environment. ISO14000 helps companies to save in energy consumption, reduce the cost of waste management, and improve corporate image among regulators, customers and the public (ISO, 2014). References Business Dictionary.com (2014). Quality. Retrieved from, Business Dictionary.com Web site: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quality.html Investopedia (2014). ISO 9000. Retrieved from, Investopedia Web site: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/iso-9000.asp Investopedia (2014). ISO 14000. Retrieved from, Investopedia Web site: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/iso-14000.asp Jacobs, F., Chase, R. (2011). Product and Service Design. In (Ed.), Operations and Supply Chain Management (13th ed., pp. 38-67). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. CEBOS (2012). How Can TQM Make Your Business More Successful?. Retrieved from, CEBOS Web site: http://www.cebos.com/how-can-tqm-make-your-business-more-successful/ Gharakhani, D., Rahmati, H., Farrokhi, M. R., Farahmandian, A. (2013). Total Quality Management and Organizational Performance. American Journal of Industrial Engineering, 1(3), pp. 45-50. ISO. (2014). Benefits of International Standards. Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/benefitsofstandards.htm ISO. (2014). ISO 14000 – Environmental management. Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/benefitsofstandards.htm

Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math

Missing Figures SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHT The diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY: All carriers of energy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle. It wasn't until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology. The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION. Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles: waves interfere and diffract, particles do not. Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1 Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l. When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out. pointb Let L represent the distance between the slit and the screen. Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T. Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math Missing Figures SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHT The diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY: All carriers of energy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle. It wasn't until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology. The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION. Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles: waves interfere and diffract, particles do not. Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1 Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l. When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out. pointb Let L represent the distance between the slit and the screen. Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T.